Table 1 Descriptive and bivariate statistics of discrimination frequency across mental health symptoms and sociodemographic factors among Hispanics or Latinos (n = 1,126)
| Â | Discrimination frequency | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Total sample | Daily or at least once a week | About once a month | Never | Â |
| Â | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P-value |
Overall | Â | 430 (38.19) | 183 (16.25) | 513 (45.56) | Â |
Mental health symptoms | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Anxiety symptoms |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
No | 773 (68.65) | 208 (26.91) | 137 (17.72) | 428 (55.37) | Â |
Yes | 353 (31.35) | 222 (62.89) | 46 (13.03) | 85 (24.08) | Â |
Depressive symptoms |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
No | 772 (68.56) | 206 (26.68) | 141 (18.26) | 425 (55.05) | Â |
Yes | 354 (31.44) | 224 (63.28) | 42 (11.86) | 88 (24.86) | Â |
Anxiety/Depressive symptoms |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
No | 524 (46.54) | 98 (18.70) | 86 (16.41) | 340 (64.89) | Â |
Yes | 602 (53.46) | 332 (55.15) | 97 (16.11) | 173 (28.74) | Â |
Loneliness score (Mean: SD) | 1,126 (5.07: 2.00) | 430 (5.92: 1.91) | 183 (5.31: 1.96) | 513 (4.27: 1.78) | < 0.001 |
Place of birth |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Foreign-born (Immigrant) | 501 (44.49) | 160 (31.94) | 76 (15.17) | 265 (52.89) | Â |
US-born (Non-immigrant) | 625 (55.51) | 270 (43.20) | 107 (17.12) | 248 (39.68) | Â |
Hispanic or Latino subgroups | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.380 |
Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano | 516 (45.83) | 211 (40.89) | 82 (15.89) | 223 (43.22) | Â |
Puerto Rican | 178 (15.81) | 66 (37.08) | 30 (16.85) | 82 (46.07) | Â |
Cuban/Cuban American | 79 (7.02) | 24 (30.38) | 9 (11.39) | 46 (58.23) | Â |
Dominican Republic | 63 (5.60) | 25 (39.68) | 10 (15.87) | 28 (44.44) | Â |
Central American | 57 (5.06) | 19 (33.33) | 11 (19.30) | 27 (47.37) | Â |
South American | 137 (12.17) | 44 (32.12) | 22 (16.06) | 71 (51.82) | Â |
Another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 96 (8.53) | 41 (42.71) | 19 (19.79) | 36 (37.50) | Â |
Age |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
18–25 years | 249 (22.11) | 122 (49.00) | 42 (16.87) | 85 (34.14) |  |
26–34 years | 279 (24.78) | 129 (46.24) | 49 (17.56) | 101 (36.20) |  |
35–49 years | 326 (28.95) | 124 (38.04) | 59 (18.10) | 143 (43.87) |  |
50–64 years | 177 (15.72) | 44 (24.86) | 24 (13.56) | 109 (61.58) |  |
≥ 65 years | 95 (8.44) | 11 (11.58) | 9 (9.47) | 75 (78.95) |  |
Gender identity | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.012 |
Man | 402 (35.70) | 171 (42.54) | 58 (14.43) | 173 (43.03) | Â |
Something else/ non-binary/transgender | 30 (2.66) | 17 (56.67) | 6 (20.00) | 7 (23.33) | Â |
Woman | 694 (61.63) | 242 (34.87) | 119 (17.15) | 333 (47.98) | Â |
Sexual orientation | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
Heterosexual | 963 (85.52) | 350 (36.34) | 149 (15.47) | 464 (48.18) | Â |
Lesbian/Gay | 56 (4.97) | 27 (48.21) | 11 (19.64) | 18 (32.14) | Â |
Bisexual | 87 (7.73) | 46 (52.87) | 16 (18.39) | 25 (28.74) | Â |
Something else | 20 (1.78) | 7 (35.00) | 7 (35.00) | 6 (30.00) | Â |
Marital Status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.432 |
Single/Never married | 408 (36.23) | 158 (38.73) | 73 (17.89) | 177 (43.38) | Â |
Married | 594 (52.75) | 225 (37.88) | 86 (14.48) | 283 (47.64) | Â |
Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 124 (11.01) | 47 (37.90) | 24 (19.35) | 53 (42.74) | Â |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.040 |
Less than high school | 97 (8.61) | 50 (51.55) | 11 (11.34) | 36 (37.11) | Â |
High school graduate or GED | 284 (25.22) | 119 (41.90) | 43 (15.14) | 122 (42.96) | Â |
Some college or technical school | 350 (31.08) | 124 (35.43) | 56 (16.00) | 170 (48.57) | Â |
≥ College degree | 395 (35.08) | 137 (34.68) | 73 (18.48) | 185 (46.84) |  |
Annual household income | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.045 |
Less than $25,000 | 281 (24.96) | 108 (38.43) | 39 (13.88) | 134 (47.69) | Â |
$25,000 to < $35,000 | 200 (17.76) | 85 (42.50) | 36 (18.00) | 79 (39.50) | Â |
$35,000 to < $50,000 | 182 (16.16) | 80 (43.96) | 31 (17.03) | 71 (39.01) | Â |
$50,000 to < $75,000 | 227 (20.16) | 88 (38.77) | 35 (15.42) | 104 (45.81) | Â |
$75,000 or more | 236 (20.96) | 69 (29.24) | 42 (17.80) | 125 (52.97) | Â |
Employment status |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Employed | 639 (56.75) | 277 (43.35) | 102 (15.96) | 260 (40.69) | Â |
Unemployed | 487 (43.25) | 153 (31.42) | 81 (16.63) | 253 (51.95) | Â |
Homelessness/Unstable housing |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
No | 975 (86.59) | 317 (32.51) | 171 (17.54) | 487 (49.95) | Â |
Yes | 151 (13.41) | 113 (74.83) | 12 (7.95) | 26 (17.22) | Â |