Table 3 Linear regression analysis of overall personality dysfunction scores
Variable | Overall Personality Dysfunctiona | Univariate regression | Multivariate regression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unstandardized Beta (95% CI)b | Standardized Beta (95% CI)b | p-value | Unstandardized Beta (95% CI)b | Standardized Beta (95% CI)b | p-value | ||
Sex | |||||||
 Female | 1.11 (0.51) | — | — |  | — | — |  |
 Male | 1.11 (0.56) | 0.00 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.00 (−0.08, 0.09) | 0.934 | 0.05 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.10 (0.03, 0.16) | 0.003 |
Grade | |||||||
 1 | 1.15 (0.54) | — | — |  | — | — |  |
 2 | 1.13 (0.54) | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.06) | −0.04 (−0.20, 0.11) | 0.595 | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.10) | 0.688 |
 3 | 1.17 (0.49) | 0.02 (−0.07, 0.11) | 0.03 (−0.14, 0.20) | 0.693 | 0.00 (−0.07, 0.07) | 0.00 (−0.13, 0.13) | 0.983 |
 4 | 1.08 (0.53) | −0.07 (−0.15, 0.01) | −0.13 (−0.28, 0.03) | 0.104 | −0.04 (−0.11, 0.02) | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.04) | 0.173 |
 5 | 1.07 (0.57) | −0.08 (−0.17, 0.01) | −0.14 (−0.31, 0.02) | 0.093 | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) | −0.09 (−0.22, 0.04) | 0.170 |
 6 | 1.27 (0.69) | 0.12 (−0.06, 0.29) | 0.22 (−0.12, 0.55) | 0.202 | 0.10 (−0.04, 0.23) | 0.18 (−0.07, 0.43) | 0.164 |
 Intern | 1.08 (0.53) | −0.07 (−0.16, 0.02) | −0.13 (−0.30, 0.04) | 0.134 | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17) | 0.576 |
Residence | |||||||
 Urban | 1.10 (0.52) | — | — |  | — | — |  |
 Rural | 1.13 (0.56) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.07) | 0.05 (−0.04, 0.13) | 0.280 | 0.05 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.10 (0.03, 0.16) | 0.004 |
GPA | |||||||
 3–4 | 1.07 (0.53) | — | — |  | — | — |  |
 2–3 | 1.22 (0.54) | 0.15 (0.10, 0.21) | 0.28 (0.19, 0.38) |  < 0.001 | 0.05 (0.01, 0.10) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.18) | 0.011 |
 < 2 | 1.31 (0.57) | 0.24 (0.10, 0.38) | 0.44 (0.18, 0.70) |  < 0.001 | 0.13 (0.02, 0.24) | 0.25 (0.04, 0.45) | 0.017 |
Housing | |||||||
 Home with family | 1.06 (0.54) | — | — |  | — | — |  |
 College dormitory | 1.18 (0.54) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.17) | 0.22 (0.12, 0.31) |  < 0.001 | 0.09 (0.05, 0.13) | 0.16 (0.09, 0.24) |  < 0.001 |
 Home alone | 1.18 (0.51) | 0.12 (0.05, 0.18) | 0.22 (0.09, 0.34) |  < 0.001 | 0.05 (−0.01, 0.10) | 0.08 (−0.01, 0.18) | 0.091 |
Income | |||||||
 Enough only | 1.13 (0.50) | — | — |  | — | — |  |
 Not enough | 1.17 (0.56) | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.09) | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.18) | 0.224 | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.11, 0.06) | 0.505 |
 Enough and exceeds | 1.04 (0.56) | −0.10 (−0.15, −0.05) | −0.18 (−0.28, −0.08) |  < 0.001 | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.00) | −0.06 (−0.14, 0.01) | 0.085 |
Past history of psychiatric disease | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 No | 1.05 (0.52) | — | — |  | — | — |  |
 Yes | 1.41 (0.54) | 0.35 (0.30, 0.41) | 0.66 (0.55, 0.77) |  < 0.001 | 0.17 (0.12, 0.22) | 0.32 (0.23, 0.40) |  < 0.001 |
PHQ-9 |  | 0.06 (0.05, 0.06) | 0.64 (0.60, 0.67) |  < 0.001 | 0.05 (0.05, 0.06) | 0.61 (0.58, 0.64) |  < 0.001 |