Fig. 1

Latent mediation structural equations model. Note: PSV1 - PSV3 are parents’ social VOC scale items; PRV1 - PRV3 are parents’ relation VOC scale items; PPV1 - PPV3 are parents’ psychological VOC scale items; EW1– EW6 are emotional warmth subscale items; REJ1– REJ6 are rejection subscale items; EL1– EL4 are external LOC scale items; DEP1– DEP9 are depression scale items. Adolescent sex, age, school type, location, parents’ age, and parents’ years of education were controlled as covariates. All values in the figure represent standardized estimates, including path coefficients and factor loadings. ***p < 0.001. *p < 0.05