More empathy for others, more hurt for oneself? Empathy for pain is related to poor mental health and negative emotion regulation

Table 1 Factor analysis results

	Rotated factor loadings
Questionnaire	Variable	F1: Poor Mental Health		F2: Positive Emotion Regulation	F3: Interpersonal Emotions and Empathy	F4: Personal Stress	F5: Negative Appraisals
DASS-21	Depression		0.579
	Anxiety		0.809
	Stress		0.599
PHQ-9	Total score		0.687
GAD-7	Total score		0.757
PHQ-15	Total score		0.755
BPQ-VSF	Total score		0.631
	Stress Style 1					− 0.426
	Stress Style 2		0.695
CERQ	Self-blame					− 0.480
	Acceptance			0.565
	Rumination					− 0.568
	Positive refocusing			0.501
	Refocus on planning			0.697
	Positive reappraisal			0.789
	Putting into perspective			0.608
	Catastrophizing							0.589
	Other blame							0.538
IERQ	Enhancing positive affect				− 0.598
	Perspective taking
	Soothing				− 0.617
	Social modeling				− 0.544
ASI-3	Social concerns		0.434
	Cognitive concerns		0.675
	Somatic concerns		0.649
ECS	Total score				− 0.699
EETS	Total score				− 0.754

Notes: The blank value means the coefficient is lower than 0.400. F1: Factor 1 (Poor Mental Health); F2: Factor 2 (Positive Emotion Regulation); F3: Factor 3 (Interpersonal Emotions and Empathy); F4: Factor 4 (Personal Stress); F5: Factor 5 (Negative Appraisals); DASS-21: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 Items; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-15: Patient Health Questionnaire-15; BPQ-VSF: Body Perception Questionnaire - Very Short Form; CERQ: Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; ASI-3: The Anxiety Sensitivity Index; IERQ: Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire; EETS: Emotional Empathic Tendency Scale; ECS: Emotional Contagion Scale

ISSN: 2050-7283