Exclusionary states in older age and their temporary effects on cognitive decline

BMC Psychology

Table 3 Longitudinal associations (Model 5) of memory slopes over three waves of measurement, with demographics, health, social participation, and States of exclusion from social relations as predictors

Parameter¹	Estimate	SE	df	t	Sig.	95% CI
Parameter¹	Estimate	SE	df	t	Sig.	Lower	Upper
Age ^{(fourth wave)}	-0.037	0.004	9828.136	-9.456	< 0.001	− 0.045	− 0.030
Gender _{(male/female)}	0.038	0.040	7874.698	0.958	0.338	− 0.040	0.115
Education	-0.003	0.004	7859.796	− 0.695	0.487	− 0.012	0.006
Living alone _(yes/no)	-0.034	0.071	10653.960	− 0.476	0.634	− 0.173	0.105
Financial distress	0.004	0.024	11843.304	0.162	0.871	− 0.043	0.051
Living with partner _(yes/no)	-0.048	0.064	9754.672	− 0.754	0.451	− 0.173	0.077
Active in labor _(yes/no)	0.165	0.056	16307.380	2.931	0.003	0.055	0.275
Gali _(yes/no)	0.043	0.049	14085.696	0.891	0.373	− 0.052	0.139
Perceived health	-0.085	0.025	12972.536	-3.343	< 0.001	− 0.135	− 0.035
Depression _(yes/no)	-0.018	0.055	13878.076	− 0.338	0.735	− 0.126	0.089
Social participation	0.010	0.009	11238.905	1.118	0.263	− 0.007	0.026
ESR²
ESR not lonely	0.223	0.214	16115.303	1.043	0.297	− 0.197	0.643
ESR and lonely	0.733	0.234	15337.973	3.132	0.002	0.274	1.192
Not ESR but lonely	-0.020	0.047	13648.604	− 0.440	0.660	− 0.112	0.071

Note. SE = Standard error of means, df = degrees of freedom, CI = confidence intervals Gali = limitations due to health ESR = states of exclusion from social relations, namely scoring zero in network size; lonely are those with R-UCLA scores > 3, not lonely those with R-UCLA scores = 3, R-UCLA = Revised UCLA loneliness scale
¹ Refers to the interaction term of the time-variable with the variables listed in the table (e.g., time x age).
² Reference group = neither ESR nor lonely

ISSN: 2050-7283