Table 2 Cross-sectional associations (Model 5) of memory scores with demographics, health, social participation, and States of exclusion from social relations

Time

2.114

0.367

10281.119

5.757

< 0.001

1.394

2.833

Age ^{(fourth wave)}

-0.027

0.010

9284.116

-2.760

0.006

− 0.046

− 0.008

Gender _{(male/female)}

0.886

0.095

7863.142

9.309

< 0.001

0.700

1.073

Education

0.125

0.011

7870.861

11.778

< 0.001

0.104

0.146

Living alone _(yes/no)

-0.045

0.161

10135.584

− 0.281

0.779

− 0.361

0.270

Financial distress

-0.278

0.052

11523.714

-5.375

< 0.001

− 0.380

− 0.177

Living with partner _(yes/no)

0.124

0.144

9402.648

0.859

0.390

− 0.159

0.407

Active in labor _(yes/no)

-0.457

0.122

13506.607

-3.745

< 0.001

− 0.696

− 0.218

Gali _(yes/no)

-0.040

0.106

13167.268

− 0.381

0.703

− 0.249

0.168

Perceived health

-0.139

0.055

12283.352

-2.532

0.011

− 0.247

− 0.031

Depression _(yes/no)

0.420

0.118

13005.818

3.550

< 0.001

0.188

0.652

Social participation

0.105

0.019

10892.869

5.471

< 0.001

0.067

0.142

ESR¹

 ESR not lonely

-0.914

0.391

14244.309

-2.340

0.019

-1.680

− 0.149

 ESR and lonely

-1.906

0.474

14219.573

-4.021

< 0.001

-2.835

− 0.977

 Not ESR but lonely

-0.124

0.101

12975.292

-1.224

0.221

− 0.323

0.075