Preventing postpartum depression in pregnant women using an app-based health-promoting behaviors program (Pender’s health promotion model): a randomized Controlled Trial

Table 4 Comparison of outcomes’ mean differences (net and standardized effect size) between the intervention and control groups before and after intervention

Variables	Mean Difference	Confidence Interval %95	P-value	Standardized effect size (CI %95)
PHQ-9^a	-4.85	-6.48 to -3.22	< 0.001	-1.13 (-1.53 to -0.72)
EPDS^b	-6.22	-8.00 to -4.43	< 0.001	-1.33 (-1.74 to -0.94)
Total HPLPII^c	28.22	23.41 to 33.03	< 0.001	2.23 (1.75 to 2.71)

^aPHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; ^bEPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; ^cHPLP: Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile 𝛱

ISSN: 2050-7283