Table 2 Descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s alpha and dependent T-Test for perceiving powerholders as exploiting opportunities vs. fulfilling responsibilities, and preferences for social modernization vs. conventional aims
Dependent variable | USA | Â | Poland | Â | Hong Kong | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1(SD) | M2 (SD) | t(df) | d | Â | M1 (SD) | M2 (SD) | t(df) | d | Â | M1 (SD) | M2 (SD) | t(df) | d | |
Powerholder construal Opportunity(1) vs. Responsibility(2) | 5.43(0.81) | 5.04(1.08) | 2.68(106) | 0.26*** | Â | 5.73(0.78) | 4.08(0.96) | 16.38(108) | 1.19*** | Â | 5.05(0.94) | 4.48(1.12) | 3.34(86) | 0.36** |
Development preferences Social Modernization(1) vs. Conventional aims(2) | 7.20(1.19) | 5.84(1.68) | 6.76(106) | 0.65*** | Â | 7.72(0.10) | 4.91(1.52) | 17.08(108) | 1.57*** | Â | 7.65(1.27) | 6.15(1.31) | 10.74(86) | 1.15*** |