Fig. 3

The attentional capture effects indexing by RTs (top panel) and FFPs (bottom panel) in each condition for Experiment 2. Each dot illustrates an individual’s attentional capture effect under a given condition, showing absolute costs from memory-matched distractors in invalid trials and benefits from memory-matched targets in valid trials. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean. “**” represent p < 0.01, “***” represent p < 0.001