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Table 4 OLS results for Woodcock-Johnson Applied problems (WJ-AP)

From: Using a social-ecological framework to examine the cognitive development of elementary school children in the U.S.

Variables

B(SE)

b

95% CI

Individual Level

   

Sex (boy)

   

girl

1.32(1.42)

0.03

[-1.47, 4.11]

Race/Ethnicity (White)

   

African American

-3.15(2.42)

-0.08

[-7.91, 1.61]

Hispanic

-0.39(2.62)

-0.01

[-5.54, 4.75]

Other

-6.51(4.45)

-0.06

[-15.24, 2.21]

Family Level

   

Mother’s age

-0.09(0.14)

-0.02

[-0.36, 0.20]

Household income

6.67*(0.00)

0.09*

[0.00, 0.00]

Mother’s’ marital status (married)

   

separated

-2.73(6.58)

-0.02

[-15.66, 10.19]

divorced

-17.66(11.60)

-0.05

[-15.66, 10.19]

cohabiting

-2.03(2.08)

-0.05

[-6.12, 2.06]

Romantic not living together

-3.39(2.26)

-0.08

[-7.84, 1.05]

Not romantic

-0.77(2.93)

-0.01

[-6.52, 4.98]

Mother’s depression (no)

   

Yes

-2.69(1.88)

-0.06

[-6.17, 0.80]

Mother’s educational level (less than high school)

   

High school or equivalent

-0.78(2.11)

-0.02

[-4.92, 3.36]

Some college teaching

2.16(1.87)

0.05

[-1.52, 5.84]

College or graduate

4.88(3.19)

0.06

[-1.39, 11.14]

Community/Environmental Level

   

School type (public)

   

School with a magnet program

-3.01(3.92)

-0.01

[-6.52, 4.97]

School of choice

0.86(2.47)

0.01

[-4.00, 5.71]

School neighborhood with crime (a big problem)

   

Somewhat problem

0.93(1.74)

0.02

[-2.49, 4.34]

No problem

4.82*(1.99)

0.11*

[0.91, 8.73]

Government assistance (no)

   

Yes

1.23(1.85)

0.03

[-2.40, 4.86]

Constant

119.35***(19.71)

 

[80.65, 158.05]

  1. Note. OLS = ordinary least squares; reference categories are indicated in parentheses. B = unstandardized coefficient, SE = standard error, b = standardized coefficient, CI = 95% confidence interval. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001