Skip to main content

Table 3 OLS results for PPVT-III

From: Using a social-ecological framework to examine the cognitive development of elementary school children in the U.S.

Variables

B(SE)

b

95% CI

Individual Level

   

Sex (boy)

   

girl

1.16(1.18)

0.03

[-1.16, 3.47]

Race/Ethnicity (White)

   

African American

-6.58***(2.01)

-0.19***

[-10.53, -2.63]

Hispanic

-5.31*(2.16)

-0.13*

[-9.58, -1.04]

Other

-2.16(3.69)

-0.02

[-9.43, 5.09]

 

-0.12(0.12)

-0.04

[-0.35, 0.12]

Family Level

   

Mother’s age

   

Household income

4.33(0.00)

0.07

[0.00, 0.00]

Mother’s marital status (married)

   

separated

-8.92(5.47)

-0.06

[-19.64, 1.81]

divorced

-13.95(9.63)

-0.05

[-32.85, 4.95]

cohabiting

-1.81(1.73)

-0.05

[-5.20, 1.59]

Romantic not living together

-3.75*(1.88)

-0.10*

[-7.44, -0.62]

Not romantic

-0.10(2.43)

-0.00

[-4.81, 4.67]

Mother’s depression (no)

   

Yes

-1.56(1.48)

-0.04

[-4.45, 1.34]

Mother’s educational level (less than high school)

   

High school or equivalent

1.25(1.75)

0.03

[-2.19, 4.69]

Some college teaching

4.80**(1.55)

0.14**

[1.75, 7.85]

College or graduate

9.41***(2.65)

0.14***

[4.21, 14.61]

Community/Environmental Level

   

School type (public)

   

School with a magnet program

5.84(3.26)

0.06

[-0.55, 12.23]

School of choice

1.60(2.1)

0.03

[-2.43, 5.63]

School neighborhood with crime (a big problem)

   

Somewhat problem

0.73(1.44)

0.02

[-2.10, 3.56]

No problem

4.58***(1.66)

0.12***

[1.34, 7.83]

Government assistance (no)

   

Yes

2.31(1.53)

0.06

[-0.70, 5.32]

Constant

109.59***(16.36)

 

[77.47, 141.71]

  1. Note. OLS = ordinary least squares; reference categories are indicated in parentheses. B = unstandardized coefficient, SE = standard error, b = standardized coefficient, CI = 95% confidence interval. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001