Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables (n = 1722)
Variables | n | % | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Variables | ||||
Sex | ||||
Boy | 884 | 51.3 | ||
Girl | 838 | 48.7 | ||
Race/Ethnicity | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 33 | 19.2 | ||
Black, non-Hispanic | 881 | 51.2 | ||
Hispanic | 439 | 25.5 | ||
Other | 72 | 4.2 | ||
School type | ||||
Public school | 1494 | 86.8 | ||
School with magnet programs | 76 | 4.4 | ||
School of choice | 147 | 8.5 | ||
Special education school | 5 | 0.3 | ||
School neighborhood with crime | ||||
A big problem | 427 | 24.8 | ||
Somewhat problem | 705 | 40.9 | ||
No problem | 590 | 34.3 | ||
Mother’s Educational Level | ||||
Less than high school | 365 | 21.2 | ||
High school or equivalent | 379 | 22 | ||
Some college or teaching | 712 | 41.3 | ||
College or graduate | 266 | 15.4 | ||
Mother’s marital status | ||||
Married | 487 | 28.3 | ||
Separated | 25 | 1.5 | ||
Divorced | 6 | 0.3 | ||
Cohabiting | 636 | 36.9 | ||
Romantic but not living together | 432 | 25.1 | ||
Not romantic | 136 | 7.9 | ||
Government Assistance | ||||
Yes | 165 | 21 | ||
No | 619 | 79 | ||
Mother’s depression | ||||
Yes | 301 | 17.5 | ||
No | 1421 | 82.5 | ||
Household income | 44,176.55 | 49,471.75 | ||
Mother’s age | 34.26 | 6.01 | ||
Dependent Variable | ||||
PPVT-III | 92.19 | 18.07 | ||
WJ-AP | 96.98 | 20.22 | ||
WJ-PC | 91.57 | 18.58 | ||
DIGIT SPAN | 9.26 | 3.02 |