Unpacking the relationship between adolescents’ perceived school climate and negative emotions: the chain mediating roles of school belonging and social avoidance and distress

Table 5 Descriptive statistics and differences across demographic variables for key variables

Demographic variables	Category	Perceived school climate		School belonging		Social avoidance and distress		Negative emotions
Demographic variables	Category	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Gender	Male	3.02	0.54	3.57	0.78	1.29	0.30	2.54	0.55
	Female	3.18	0.51	3.66	0.75	1.33	0.30	2.63	0.54
	t	-5.90		-2.16		-2.34		-2.96
	P	0.000		0.031		0.019		0.003
	Cohen’s d	0.52		0.77		0.30		0.54
Grade	Grade 5	3.20	0.52	3.78	0.73	1.23	0.27	2.48	0.56
	Grade 6	3.07	0.54	3.67	0.76	1.30	0.29	2.58	0.57
	Grade 7	3.10	0.53	3.63	0.79	1.31	0.31	2.56	0.55
	Grade 8	3.10	0.53	3.55	0.79	1.32	0.30	2.59	0.53
	Grade 9	2.90	0.51	3.40	0.75	1.37	0.31	2.66	0.52
	F	13.21		10.42		8.86		4.25
	P	0.000		0.000		0.000		0.002
	Eta²	0.03		0.03		0.02		0.01
Family location	Urban	3.02	0.55	3.66	0.74	1.32	0.30	2.58	0.55
	Rural	3.14	0.52	3.55	0.80	1.29	0.29	2.57	0.55
	t	-4.42		2.64		2.02		0.61
	P	0.000		0.008		0.043		0.544
	Cohen’s d	0.53		0.77		0.29		0.55

ISSN: 2050-7283