Table 2 Mean (SD) scores for caregiver outcomes by group, clinical significance of change in scores between Time 1 and Time 2, and Time 1 and Time 3 assessments by group (Cohen’s d effect sizes) and between-group differences at Time 1, Time 2 and Time 3
Measures | PCIT-T (n = 30) | COS-P (n = 28) | Waitlist (n = 26) | T1 group diff | T2 group diff | T3 group diff | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Measures | T1 Mean (SD) | T2 Mean (SD) | T3 Mean (SD) | T1 T2 p, ES (d/OR) | T1 T3 p, ES (d/OR) | T1 M (SD) | T2 M (SD) | T3 M (SD) | T1 T2 p, ES (d/OR) | T1 T3 p, ES (d/OR) | T1 M (SD) | T2 M (SD) | T1 T2 p, ES (d/OR) | No/Yes (p) | No/Yes (p) | No/Yes (p) |
Positive parenting verbalizations | DPICS – LP | 0.22 (0.32) | 5.54 (2.60) | 3.40 (3.25) | p < 0.001** OR = 26.55 | p < 0.001** OR = 15.56 | 0.38 (0.69) | 0.67 (0.86) | 0.39 (0.22) | p = 0.31* OR = 1.53 | p = 0.57 OR = 1.64 | 0.45 (0.72) | 0.54 (0.76) | p > 0.99 OR = 1.21 | No | Yes: PCIT-T > COS-P & WL (ps < 0.001**) | Yes: PCIT-T > COS-P (p < 0.001**) |
Negative parenting verbalizations | DPICS – NTA | 4.15 (3.15) | 1.14 (1.39) | 0.93 (1.09) | p < 0.001** OR = 0.25 | p < 0.001** OR = 0.23 | 4.19 (3.25) | 2.81 (2.86) | 3.15 (3.41) | p < 0.001** OR = 0.70 | p = 0.07 OR = 1.47 | 4.79 (4.21) | 2.31 (2.20) | p > 0.99 OR = 0.47 | No | Yes: PCIT-T < COS-P & WL (ps < 0.02*) | Yes: PCIT-T > COS-P (p < 0.001**) |
Parenting sensitivity | NICHD- Sensitivity | 83.31 (7.88) | 94.21 (5.01) | 90.66 (5.10) | p < 0.001** d = 1.03 | p = 0.006** d = 0.66 | 80.26 (12.09) | 85.79 (7.67) | 82.38 (7.70) | p = 0.37 d = 0.37 | p > 0.99 d = −0.29 | 80.52 (9.39) | 81.55 (9.72) | p > 0.99 d = 0.12 | No | Yes: PCIT-T > COS-P & WL (ps < 0.008*) | Yes: PCIT-T > COS-P (p = 0.02*) |
Mentalizing about the child | MM-attuned | 18.50 (13.56) | 22.26 (14.74) | 13.46 (8.49) | p = 0.29 d = 0.37 | p = 0.32 d = −0.45 | 17.68 (7.95) | 24.67 (10.84) | 17.33 (13.65) | p = 0.13 d = 0.60 | p > 0.99 d = 0.01 | 20.23 (13.61) | 21.69 (15.20) | p > 0.99 d = 0.13 | No | No | No |
MM-non-attuned | 3.63 (2.83) | 1.40 (1.95) | 2.23 (3.19) | p = 0.02* d = −0.69 | p = 0.51 d = −0.44 | 3.32 (3.73) | 4.83 (4.32) | 3.67 (0.58) | p = 0.68 d = 0.41 | p > 0.99 d = −0.46 | 3.67 (5.17) | 5.31 (7.46) | p = 0.09 d = 0.53 | No | Yes: PCIT-T < WL (p = 0.005*) | No | |
Parental reflectiveness | DRFQ | 34.91 (6.44) | 38.46 (5.10) | 39.67 (6.48) | p = 0.006** d = 0.62 | p < .001** d = 0.84 | 34.43 (6.11) | 34.00 (5.37) | 36.60 (4.04) | p > 0.99 d = −0.08 | p > 0.99 d = 0.21 | 35.55 (7.92) | 37.10 (6.20) | p > 0.99 d = 0.17 | No | No (trend: PCIT-T > COS-P, p = 0.06) | No |
Empathy | TOPSE-Empathy | 43.90 (8.67) | 48.91 (7.55) | 44.61 (11.67) | p = 0.03* d = 0.60 | p > 0.99 d = 0.19 | 43.46 (7.31) | 44.92 (8.85) | 48.80 (3.27) | p > 0.99 d = 0.20 | p = 0.90 d = 0.45 | 45.98 (8.73) | 45.77 (7.19) | p > 0.99 d = 0.04 | No | No | No |
Emotion | TOPSE-Emotion | 52.13 (6.71) | 55.09 (5.72) | 53.89 (4.32) | p = 0.03* d = 0.46 | p = 0.15 d = 0.38 | 53.17 (6.72) | 51.77 (5.05) | 53.20 (4.09) | p > 0.99 d = −0.18 | p > 0.99 d = 0.01 | 54.42 (4.88) | 53.73 (4.19) | p > 0.99 d = −0.09 | No | No | No |
Emotion regulation difficulties | DERS | 71.33 (19.68) | 69.65 (17.13) | 67.61 (22.66) | p > 0.99 d = −0.03 | p = .50 d = −0.20 | 77.80 (26.24) | 85.92 (21.29) | 72.20 (19.79) | p = 0.86 d = 0.19 | p > 0.99 d = −0.00 | 78.73 (23.16) | 75.41 (21.10) | p = 0.14 d = −0.28 | No | No | No |
Caregiving helplessness | CHQ -mother helpless | 13.00 (5.57) | 10.72 (5.56) | 11.00 (6.63) | p = 0.11 d = −0.32 | p = 0.11 d = −0.35 | 15.76 (6.24) | 13.62 (4.86) | 10.27 (4.21) | p = .06 d = -.46 | p = 0.15 d = −0.58 | 13.68 (5.31) | 11.69 (3.36) | p = 0.05 d = −0.38 | No | No | No |
Hostile parenting | LSAC- hostility | 13.30 (10.81) | 10.27 (8.28) | 14.06 (11.14) | p = 0.46 d = −0.25 | p > 0.99 d = 0.09 | 16.79 (10.47) | 16.08 (10.31) | 14.80 (8.61) | p > 0.99 d = −0.21 | p > 0.99 d = −0.20 | 12.85 (10.62) | 10.36 (5.46) | p = 0.26 d = −0.32 | No | No | No |
Child abuse potential | BCAP | 5.83 (4.83) | 4.70 (3.32) | 5.94 (5.33) | p = 0.80 d = −0.14 | p > 0.99 d = −0.07 | 7.86 (5.45) | 7.64 (4.95) | 6.00 (5.48) | p > 0.99 d = −0.13 | p = 0.14 d = −0.53 | 6.92 (4.75) | 5.89 (3.97) | p = 0.07 d = −0.32 | No | No | No |
Parenting stress | PSI-SF | 91.52 (20.73) | 80.96 (19.59) | 84.09 (24.05) | p = 0.006** d = 0.47 | p = 0.03 d = 0.43 | 99.45 (18.58) | 92.39 (21.13) | 82.23 (21.06) | p = 0.03* d = 0.55 | p = 0.03 d = 0.79 | 87.74 (20.83) | 85.91 (18.32) | p > 0.99 d = 0.09 | No | No | No |