Table 1 Articles included in systematic review
Type of intervention | Reference | Country | Bias | Type of Intervention | Effective |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Engaging with othersā perspective, consciousness-raising or imagining contact with outgroup | Dermody, Jones, and Cumming 2013 [ļ»æ19ļ»æ] | Australia | Sexuality: male homosexual/male heterosexual | Imagined positive contact | No |
Turner and Crisp 2010 [20] | UK | Age: young/old | Imagined positive contact | Yes | |
Religion: Muslim/non-Muslim | |||||
Rukavina et al. 2010 [21] | US | Obesity stereotype: fat/lazy versus thin/motivated | Classroom & service learning components, including perspective taking | No | |
Swift et al. 2013 [22] | UK | Obesity | Educational films to induce empathy with outgroup | No | |
Devine et al. 2012 [23] | US | Race: black/white | Multi-faceted prejudice habit-breaking intervention including perspective taking | Yes | |
OāBrien et al. 2010 [24] | UK, US, Pakistan, New Zealand | Obesity | Tutorial on uncontrollable reasons for obesity (genes/environment) | Yes | |
J.-L. Ć. Castillo, Camara, and EguizĆ”bal 2011 [25] | Spain | Race: Moroccan/ Native Spanish | Perspective taking / imagination | No | |
Lehr: Perspective Taking [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Perspective taking / imagination | No | |
Chen & Turner: Imagining Interracial Contact [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Imagined positive contact with outgroup and imagined negative contact with ingroup | No | |
Schaefer: Training Empathic Responding [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Empathy training | No | |
Park, Felix, and Lee 2007 [26ļ»æ] | US | Race: Arab Muslims/black | Positive information about Arab-Muslims | Yes | |
Exposure to counterstereotypical exemplars | Joy-Gaba and Nosek 2010 [27] | US | Race: black/ white | Exposure to admired black exemplars and disliked white exemplars | Yes |
McGrane and White 2007 [28] | Australia | Racial: Asian/Anglo | Positive outgroup exemplars | Yes | |
Columb and Plant 2011 [29] | US | Race: black/white | Obama as positive black exemplar | Yes | |
Marini et al.: Vivid Counterstereotypic Scenario [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Vivid counterstereotypic scenario | Yes | |
Teachman: Practicing an IAT With Counterstereotypical Exemplars [18] | US | Race: black / white | Practising IATs with counterstereotypical exemplars | Yes | |
Frazier: Shifting Group Boundaries Through Competition [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Game where all teammates were positive and black and opponents all white and negative | Yes | |
Lehr: Shifting Group Affiliations Under Threat [18] | US | Race: black / white | Study 2: Vivid post-apocalyptic scenario with positive black characters | No | |
Study 3: Negative white characters added | Yes | ||||
Kesebir: Highlighting the Value of a Subgroup in Competition [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Positive outgroup exemplars (famous basketball players) | No | |
Appeals to egalitarian values (activating egalitarian goals). | Blincoe and Harris 2009 [30] | US | Race: black/ white | Priming tolerance, respect or co-operation | Yes |
Clobert, Saroglou, and Hwang 2015 [31] | Belgium / Taiwan | Race: black/ white | Priming Buddhist concepts | Yes | |
Religion: Christian/Muslim | |||||
L. G. Castillo et al. 2007 [32] | US | Race: black/white | Multicultural counseling classes | Yes | |
Joy-Gaba: Priming Feelings of Nonobjectivity [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Priming feelings of non-objectivity | No | |
Ho: Priming an Egalitarian Mindset [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Priming an egalitarian mindset | No | |
Heiphetz: Priming Multiculturalism [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Priming multiculturalism | Yes | |
Heiphetz: Considering Racial Injustice [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Considering racial injustice | No | |
Hawkins: Instilling a Sense of Common Humanity [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Instilling a sense of common humanity | No | |
Identifying the self with the outgroup | Brannon and Walton 2013 [33] | US | Race: Latino/white | Cueing social connectedness with outgroup member | Yes |
Groom, Bailenson, and Nass 2009 [34] | US | Race: black/ white | Embodiment in black avatars | No | |
GĆ¼ndemir et al. 2014 [35] | The Netherlands | Race stereotype: Dutch/high status versus ethnic minority/low status; Dutch/leader versus ethnic minority/leader | Invoking a sense of identity with the outgroup | Yes | |
Hall, Crisp, and Suen 2009 [36] | UK | Race: black/white | Experiment 1: Focusing on what ingroup and outgroup have in common | Yes | |
Experiment 2: Listing overlapping subgroups of ingroup and outgroup | No | ||||
Maister et al. 2013 [37] | UK, Hungary, the Netherlands | Race: black/ white | Multisensory stimulation to induce the feeling of ownership over a dark-skinned hand | Yes | |
Peck et al. 2013 [38] | Spain, Italy, UK | Race: black/ white | Embodiment in black avatars | Yes | |
Woodcock and Monteith 2013 [39] | US | Race: black/white | Ex. 1: Conditioning links between self and black | No | |
Ex. 2: Conditioning links between self and black (replication and extension) | Yes | ||||
Evaluative conditioning | Calanchini et al. 2013 [40] | US | Race: black/ white | Affirm black-positive and white-negative picture pairings | Yes |
French et al. 2013 [41] | US | Race: Middle Eastern/white | Evaluative conditioning: Middle Eastern faces-positive and white faces -neutral | Yes | |
Kawakami et al. 2007 [42] | US | Race: black/white | Approach/avoidance training | Yes | |
Wojcik & Koleva: Evaluative Conditioning [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Study 1 & 2: Evaluative conditioning using IAT | No | |
Study 3 & 4: Fewer trials | Yes | ||||
Cerruti & Shin: Evaluative Conditioning With the Go/No-Go Association Task [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Study 1: Evaluative conditioning using GNAT | No | |
Study 2ā4: Fewer trials and minor modifications | Yes | ||||
Inducing emotion | Huntsinger, Sinclair, and Clore 2009 [43] | US | Race: black/white | Mood induction via music | Yes |
Huntsinger et al. 2010 [44] | US | Gender stereotype: men/leader versus women/supporter | Mood induction via music | Yes | |
Haidt: Inducing Moral Elevation [18] | US | Race: black/white | Inducing moral elevation | No | |
Lai, Haidt, and Nosek 2014 [45] | US | Sexuality: male homosexual/male heterosexual | Inducing moral elevation | Yes | |
Intentional strategies to overcome biases (override or suppress influence of biases) | Wallaert, Ward, and Mann 2010 [46] | US | Race: black/white | Told to avoid stereotyping on IAT | Yes |
Lai: Using Implementation Intentions [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Implementation intentions | Yes | |
Lai: Faking the IAT [18] | US | Race: black/ white | Taught to try to fake responses on the IAT | Yes | |
Drugs | Terbeck et al. 2012 [47] | UK | Race: black/ white | Single oral dose of propanol (40āmg) in a randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled, design. | Yes |